Amphetamine
Other names Mixed Amphetamine Salts, D-Amphetamine, Dexamphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Adderall
This nootropic has no healthy human placebo-controlled studies that meet our inclusion criteria. Negative side effects can occur if used carelessly, so make sure you’re aware of the risks of Amphetamine.
Risks
The legality and side effects of Amphetamine
You should always consider the risks of a nootropic before you use it.
Side effects
Interactions
Supplements and drugs can interact with Amphetamine to increase or decrease the positive or negative effects you experience. If you are already using any supplements or drugs, speak with your trusted medical professional before you experiment with Amphetamine. To learn more about the potential interactions between Amphetamine and other substances, use interaction-checker.
Legality
Is your country not included? Learn how to find out if Amphetamine is legal in your country.
Legality Disclaimer
The contents herein are not legal advice or a substitute for legal counsel. information is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. While we have done our best to be as accurate as possible in the information we convey to you about the legality of nootropics, there is a risk for inaccuracies and errors. If you’re uncertain about the legality of any of your actions, contact a legal counsel or your local authorities governing the legality of various substances you may want to use/import/travel with.
Studies
Studies conducted on the effects of Amphetamine in healthy humans
No placebo-controlled trials on healthy humans that meet our inclusion criteria have been conducted on Amphetamine.
Summary
"Together, these results suggest that stimulant medications, commonly used off-label for cognitive enhancement may prevent deterioration of sustained attention brought on by repeated within-day testing. Additionally, these medications substantially disrupt nighttime sleep; which while coming at little cost to next-day attentional processing, may have steeper consequences for other cognitive domains."
Summary
"Evaluation of phase plots (i.e., drug effect vs. drug concentration) indicated that acute tolerance developed to the subjective but not to the cardiopressor effects of d-amphetamine. This finding implies that individuals who repeatedly administer the drug to maintain certain levels of subjective effects may increase plasma drug levels and physiologic effects to toxic levels."
Summary
"It was predicted that a low (5 mg), but not a high (10 mg), dose of d-amphetamine would disrupt LI. The prediction was supported with left ear presentation of the preexposed stimulus only. When the preexposed stimulus was presented to the right ear the predicted pattern of findings was not obtained."
Summary
"A significant D-amphetamine facilitation effect on recall performance emerged 1 h and 1 day after list learning."
Summary
"Stress increased negative mood, whereas d-amphetamine induced prototypic stimulant effects and increased ratings of drug liking."
Summary
"... d-amphetamine dose-dependently increased choice of the HC/HR option, indicating greater willingness to exert effort in pursuit of reward."
Summary
"Modafinil appears to improve reaction time (P ≤ 0.04), logical reasoning (P ≤ 0.05) and problem-solving. Methylphenidate appears to improve performance in novel tasks and attention-based tasks (P ≤ 0.05), and reduces planning latency in more complex tasks (P ≤ 0.05). Amphetamine has been shown to improve consolidation of information (0.02 ≥ P ≤ 0.05), leading to improved recall."
Summary
"This study supports preliminary findings that humans, like animals, develop a preference for a place associated with d-amphetamine that is related to its subjective effects. These findings also suggest that experiencing d-amphetamine in a consistent environment produces context-dependent changes in its subjective effects, including an enhanced rewarding efficacy and abuse potential."
Summary
"Dextroamphetamine did not affect the number of emotional or unemotional stimuli remembered, but both doses increased recall intrusions and false recognition. Dextroamphetamine (20 mg) also increased the number of positively rated picture descriptions and words generated during free recall. These data provide the first evidence that therapeutic range doses of stimulant drugs can increase memory retrieval errors."
Summary
"These findings suggest that inattention is associated with less subjective response to amphetamine. By contrast, the heightened sensitivity to stimulant drug reward observed in individuals high in impulsive action suggests that this might be one mechanism contributing to increased risk for stimulant drug abuse in these individuals."
Summary
"This study demonstrates a previously unexamined and potentially reinforcing effect of stimulant drugs in humans, distinct from more typically measured euphorigenic effects, and suggests new areas of research in stimulant abuse risk and adaptations occurring during drug dependence."
Summary
"... D-amp at 10 and 20 mg was effective for the enhancement of attention in healthy adults. D-amp enhanced vigilance by blocking the progressive deterioration of attentional performance over time ..."
Summary
"The results suggest that amphetamine may encourage sociability by increasing sensitivity to subtle emotional expressions."
Summary
"The present study demonstrates that D-amp improves healthy human performance on the 5CCPT ..."
Summary
"... amphetamine (10 mg) increased participants' pre-task appraisals of how challenging the task would be, and it increased post-task ratings of self-efficacy. Paradoxically, it also increased ratings of how stressful the task was, and prolonged aversive emotional responses. These findings suggest that amphetamine differentially affects stress response components: it may increase participants' appraisals of self-efficacy without dampening the direct emotional or physiological responses to the stress."
Summary
"d-Amphetamine improved reactions times on the spatial working memory and Stroop tasks for both individuals with schizophrenia and controls, and improved working memory accuracy in schizophrenia. In addition, d-amphetamine improved language production for both individuals with schizophrenia and controls."
Summary
"These findings suggest that therapeutic effects of amphetamine on incentive processing may involve reducing the difference between anticipation of gains and losses."
Summary
"Novel word learning was significantly faster and better in the AMPH as compared to the placebo group. Increased learning success was maintained 1 month post-training."
Summary
"These results suggest that acute doses of amphetamine decrease several forms of impulsive behavior."
Summary
"d-Amphetamine elicited prototypical increases on several measures including self-reported drug effects, mood, and physiological responses. However, except for a slight reduction in 'feel drug' scores during the first hour of the second d-amphetamine session, the majority of effects were not altered on the second session. These results indicate that the subjective effects of d-amphetamine display only an apparent mild tolerance after a single exposure 48 h earlier."
Summary
"D-amphetamine induced a speeding of reaction time overall and an improvement of accuracy at fast reaction times but only in the task condition requiring selective attention."
Summary
"Mood and arousal were only slightly elevated by 10 mg d-amp, and not at all by 1 mg."
Summary
"d-Amphetamine increased response rate without affecting accuracy on some tasks. d-Amphetamine increased the proportion of time spent engaging in verbal interaction during the first but not the second week of study. No changes in self-reported drug effects were observed. Thus, d-amphetamine improved performance in the absence of stimulant-like subjective effects."
Summary
"The observation that amphetamine, a drug that increases dopamine function, decreased the slowing that typically occurs following an error suggests that the dopamine system is involved in behavioral responses to error."
Summary
Alcohol impaired response inhibition
Summary
" Mood scales showed that three of nine participants experienced dysphoria after at least one dose level of dextroamphetamine. The effect on mood was generally greater as the dose increased."
Summary
"We conclude that all drugs tested improved at least some aspects of cognitive and motor performance after sleep deprivation."
Summary
"This study provides the first clear evidence that stimulant drugs can preferentially strengthen, and cannabinoids can preferentially impair, memory for emotional events in humans."
Summary
"Single, high, equimolar doses of D-amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine enhanced certain aspects of cognitive performance in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects. Both amphetamines also slightly altered aspects of social cognition. Whether these small effects also influence social interaction behavior in amphetamine users remains to be investigated."
Summary
"Typical stimulant and sedative effects were obtained with d-amphetamine and diazepam, respectively. Drug effects varied as a function of sensation-seeking status, with magnitude of effects on cardiovascular function, task performance, and report of positive drug effects being greater among high sensation seekers, and report of negative drug effects being greater among low sensation seekers."
Summary
"In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition."
Summary
d-Amphetamine increased arousal independent of sex, but decreased risk-taking in men while increasing it in women.
Summary
"These results suggest that modafinil engenders alerting effects and increases performance in healthy non-sleep-deprived individuals comparable with that of d-amphetamine."
Summary
"We conclude that MAS has no more than small effects on cognition in healthy young adults, although users may perceive the drug as enhancing their cognition."
Summary
"The preliminary evidence is inconsistent with the hypothesis that Adderall has an overall negative effect on creativity. [...] Its effects on convergent creative thought appear to be dependent on the baseline creativity of the individual. Those in the higher range of the normal distribution may be unaffected or impaired, whereas those in the lower range of the normal distribution experience enhancement."
Summary
"... Adderall had minimal, but mixed, effects on cognitive processes relevant to neurocognitive enhancement (small effects), and substantial effects on autonomic responses, subjective drug experiences, and positive states of activated emotion (large effects). Overall, the present findings indicate dissociation between the effects of Adderall on activation and neurocognition, and more importantly, contrary to common belief, Adderall had little impact on neurocognitive performance in healthy college students. Given the pilot design of the study and small sample size these findings should be interpreted cautiously."
Last updated Saturday, June 10, 2023